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Party funding in the Netherlands
By and large political finance in the Netherlands is a party matter. Compared to other nations the spending level is quite moderate,〔Ruud Koole, 'The modesty of Dutch party finance'. In: Herbert E. Alexander (ed.): ''Comparative Political Finance in the 1980s''. Cambridge, UK; Cambridge University Press, 1989, pp.214-5.〕 annually about € 2,40 per voter.〔Karl-Heinz Nassmacher: ''The Funding of Party Competition'', Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlag, 2009, pp. 115, 118.〕
==Sources of funds==
Quite contrary to most other democracies the major source of political money in the Netherlands is membership fees.〔Ruud Koole, 'The modesty of Dutch party finance'. In: Herbert E. Alexander (ed.): ''Comparative Political Finance in the 1980s''. Cambridge, UK; Cambridge University Press, 1989, p.206.〕 Even recently membership subscriptions provide about half of all parties' revenue.〔http://www.parlement.com/id/vhnnmt716hu4/partijfinanciering .〕 This heavy reliance on individual party members is a result of the traditional pillarization of Dutch society and politics. As a consequence of living "within one's own circle" citizens supported their own organizations. This resulted in the near absence of contributions from the business community as well as a desire to avoid state intervention and public subsidies as long as possible.〔Ruud Koole, 'The modesty of Dutch party finance'. In: Herbert E. Alexander (ed.): ''Comparative Political Finance in the 1980s''. Cambridge, UK; Cambridge University Press, 1989, p.215.〕
However, for most parties a massive decline of party membership figures has limited the funding potential. Thus in 1973, public subsidies were provided for party political foundations, which were involved in research and training.〔Ruud Koole, 'Dutch Political Parties: Money and the Message'. In: Herbert E. Alexander and Rei Shiratori (eds.): ''Comparative Political Finance Among the Democracies'', Boulder CO: Westview Press, 1994, pp. 119-121.〕 During the 1990s the four major parties (CDA, PvdA, VVD and D'66) collected between 15 and 35 per cent of their annual revenue from public subsidies. Nowadays dependence on such funds should be higher because the amount of subsidies has been increased since 1999,〔Gullan Gidlund and Ruud Koole, 'Political Finance in the North of Europe (The Netherlands and Sweden)'. In: Karl-Heinz Nassmacher (ed.), ''Foundations for Democracy'', Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlag, 2001, pp. 116, 120-1.〕 when public subsidies as a source of funding for the whole range of party activity were instituted by law.〔http://www.idea.int/political-finance/country.cfm?〕
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